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1.
Acta biol. colomb ; 20(1): 31-37, ene.-abr. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-734920

ABSTRACT

This study was designed to test the effect of different fractions of ethanolic extracts of young (y) and mature (m) leaves of Serjania lethalis A. St- Hil (Sapindaceae) on sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seedling growth and metaxylem cells. Crude ethanolic extracts were prepared from the powder of young and mature S. lethalis leaves and fractionated by means of column chromatography. For the seedling growth bioassay, sesame seeds germinated at concentrations of 0.8, 0.4 and 0.2 mg mL-1 were used. After seven days, the lengths of the aerial part and of the primary root were measured. The sesame metaxylem cell growth bioassay was performed with seedlings grown in solutions containing the different fractions in the same concentrations as above. The tested fractions (Fy2; Fy3; Fy5 e Fm1) showed inhibitory activity on seedling growth, interfering mainly in root growth. The fraction Fy5 showed similar activity to the one caused by the herbicide Oxyfluorfen. This fraction was also responsible for causing the greatest inhibition of metaxylem cell growth in sesame roots at the concentration 0.8 mg mL-1. The results permitted to conclude that the different fractions found in the ethanolic extract of S. lethalis young leaves are promising sources of substances with phytotoxic properties.


El efecto de fracciones de extractos etanólicos de hojas jóvenes (y) y maduras (m) de Serjania lethalis A. St - Hil (Sapindaceae) fueron probados sobre el crecimiento de las plántulas y células de metaxilema de sésamo (Sesamum indicum L.). Los extractos etanólicos fueron preparados a partir del polvo de hojas jóvenes y maduras de S. lethalis y fraccionados por cromatografía en columna. Para el bioensayo de crecimiento de las plántulas germinadas se utilizaron semillas de sésamo y se mantuvo en contacto con las fracciones (F) en concentraciones de 0,8 , 0,4 y 0,2 mg mL-1. Después de siete días se midió la longitud del tallo principal y raíz. El bioensayo de crecimiento celular do metaxilema se realizó utilizando plántulas de sésamo cultivadas en soluciones que contienen fracciones en las mismas concentraciones. Los resultados indican que las fracciones ensayadas (Fy2 ; Fy3 ;Fy5 y Fm1) mostraron actividad en el crecimiento de las plántulas al interferir principalmente en crecimiento de la raíz. La fracción Fy5 mostró actividad similar a la causada por la actividad herbicida Oxyfluorofen. La misma fracción produjo la mayor inhibición del crecimiento celular de las raíces del metaxilema de sésamo a una concentración de 0,8 mg mL- 1. A partir del análisis de los resultados se concluyó que las fracciones de extracto etanolico de las hojas jóvenes son prometedoras fuentes de sustancias con propiedades fitotoxicas.

2.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 46(4): 411-419, Jul-Aug/2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-683327

ABSTRACT

Introduction In vitro bioassays were performed to access the larvicidal activity of crude extracts from the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis virgulata (Melanconiales, Amphisphaeriaceae) and the saprophytic fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus (Basidiomycetes, Polyporaceae) against the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Anopheles nuneztovari. Methods The extracts were tested at concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500ppm. Ethyl acetate mycelia (EAM) extracts and liquid culture media (LCM) from Pe. virgulata and Py. sanguineus were tested against third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti and An. nuneztovari. Results The larvicidal activity of the EAM extracts from Pe. virgulata against Ae. aegypti had an LC50=101.8ppm, and the extract from the basidiomycete fungus Py. sanguineus had an LC50=156.8ppm against the Ae. aegypti larvae. The Pe. virgulata extract had an LC50=16.3ppm against the An. nuneztovari larvae, and the Py. sanguineus extract had an LC50=87.2ppm against these larvae. Conclusions These results highlight the larvicidal effect of EAM extracts from the endophyte Pe. virgulata against the two larval mosquitoes tested. Thus, Pe. virgulata and Py. sanguineus have the potential for the production of bioactive substances against larvae of these two tropical disease vectors, with An. nuneztovari being more susceptible to these extracts. .


Subject(s)
Animals , Aedes/drug effects , Anopheles/drug effects , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Endophytes/chemistry , Insect Vectors/drug effects , Biological Assay , Larva/drug effects
3.
Rev. bras. farmacogn ; 22(1): 189-192, Jan.-Feb. 2012. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-607610

ABSTRACT

Mauritia flexuosa L. f., Arecaceae, is an endemic species of South America. This species was studied with the intent to isolate the constituents of its roots. After the fractionation of the n-hexane and methanolic extracts from the roots of M. flexuosa, six triterpenes were obtained: friedelin, taraxerone, lupenyl acetate, lupenone, betulin and betulinic acid, along with three flavonoids: rutin, quercitrin and quercetin. All the compounds were identified by analysis of NMR and MS data and comparison with the literature. All those compounds are been reported for the first time in Mauritia, and the chemosystematic significance of the flavonoids isolated in this genus is discussed.

4.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 44(2): 194-200, Mar.-Apr. 2011. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-586107

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: Dengue é um importante problema de saúde pública, em vários países, e tem como principal vetor o Aedes aegypti, mosquito mais adaptado às áreas urbanizadas. Apresenta-se, pela primeira vez, as alterações ultraestruturais em larvas de 3º estádio, desse mosquito, causadas pelos larvicidas naturais, um diterpeno labdano, extraído de Copaifera reticulata, e uma fração rica em taninos catéquicos, extraída de Magonia pubescens, evidenciando o mecanismo de ação dessas substâncias. MÉTODOS: Os experimentos foram realizados com larvas de 3º estádio em solução de 0,9ppm, do diterpeno (3-β-acetoxylabdan-8(17)-13-dien-15-óico) e de 3,7ppm, da fração majoritária de tanino catéquico de massa molecular 864Da. Obtiveram-se as substâncias através de fracionamentos cromatográficos sucessivos, identificadas por ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio e espectrometria de massas. As larvas que atingiram estado letárgico foram coletadas e dissecadas e seus tubos digestórios fixados, desidratados, emblocados e polimerizados. Cortes ultrafinos foram feitos e contrastados com acetato de uranila 3 por cento e citrato de chumbo, posteriormente, levados ao microscópio eletrônico. RESULTADOS: As principais alterações ultraestruturais provocadas pelos diterpeno e tanino sobre larvas de Aedes aegypti foram vacuolização citoplasmática, desorganização e degeneração celular, mudança estrutural dos microvilos e deslocamento das células da lâmina basal. CONCLUSÕES: O diterpeno e a fração rica em taninos catéquicos provocaram a morte das larvas de Aedes aegypti através da destruição celular no intestino médio.


INTRODUCTION: Dengue is an important public health problem in many countries and its main vector Aedes aegypti, is the mosquito most adapted to urban areas. For the first time, the mechanism of action of labdane diterpenoid extracted from Copaifera reticulata and the fraction enriched of catechin tannins extracted from Magonia pubescens is demonstrated through ultrastructural alterations of Aedes aegypti larvae. METHODS: Experiments were performed using a 0.9ppm solution of diterpenoid and 3.7ppm of the fraction as the main catechin tannin of molecular mass 846Da. The compounds were obtained by thin layer chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen and mass spectrometry. Larvae that achieved lethargic state were collected and dissected. Next, they were contrasted with 1 percent uranyl acetate, dehydrated, embedded and polymerized. Ultrathin sections were made, mixed with 3 percent uranyl acetate and lead citrate and placed in an electron microscope. RESULTS: The main ultrastructural alterations caused by the diterpenoid and by tanins in larvae of Aedes aegypti were: cytoplasmic vacuolation, alteration of microvilli, cellular aging, cell disruption and degeneration, formation of secretion vesicles and structural changes in microvilli, irregular nuclei and displacement of cells in the basal lamina. CONCLUSIONS: The fraction containing tannins and the diterpenoid caused the death of Aedes aegypti larvae by cell destruction in the midgut.


Subject(s)
Animals , Aedes/drug effects , Diterpenes/pharmacology , Fabaceae/chemistry , Insecticides , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Sapindaceae/chemistry , Tannins/pharmacology , Aedes/growth & development , Aedes/ultrastructure , Diterpenes/isolation & purification , Insecticides/isolation & purification , Intestines/drug effects , Intestines , Larva/drug effects , Larva/ultrastructure , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mass Spectrometry , Tannins/isolation & purification
5.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 50(1): 26-28, Jan.-Feb. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-476759

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of diterpenoids obtained from the oil-resin of Copaifera reticulata against Aedes aegypti larvae, the principal vector of dengue and urban yellow fever. Four diterpenes were obtained from oil-resin extraction with organic solvents and subsequent chromatographic and spectroscopic procedures allowed to isolation and identification of these compounds as 3-b-acetoxylabdan-8(17)-13-dien-15-oic acid (1), alepterolic acid (2), 3-b-hidroxylabdan-8(17)-en-15-oic acid (3), and ent-agatic acid (4). Each compound was previously dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide, and distilled water was added to obtain the desired concentrations. Twenty larvae of third instars were placed into plastic beckers, containing the solution test (25 mL), in a five repetitions scheme, and their mortality, indicated by torpor and darkening of the cephalic capsule, was recorded after 48h. Probit analyses were used to determine lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) and their respective 95 percent confidence intervals. This study showed that only diterpenoids 1 and 2 exhibited larvicidal properties with LC50 of 0.8 ppm and 87.3 ppm, respectively, revealing the former as the most toxic compound against third instars of Ae. aegypti. Therefore, this compound seems to be an interesting source for new metabolite to be exploited.


O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade larvicida de diterpenos isolados do óleo-resina de Copaifera reticulata sobre Aedes aegypti, principal vetor de dengue e febre amarela urbana. Quatro diterpenóides foram obtidos a partir da extração do óleo-resina com solventes orgânicos e, subseqüentes procedimentos cromatográficos e espectroscópicos permitiram o isolamento e a identificação desses compostos como ácido 3-b-acetoxylabdan-8(17)-13-dien-15-óico (1), ácido alepterólico (2), ácido 3-b-hidroxylabdan-8(17)-en-15-óico (3) e ácido ent-agático (4). Cada um desses compostos foi previamente solubilizado em dimetilsulfóxido, acrescentando-se água, até se obterem as concentrações desejadas. Em cada bioensaio foram utilizadas 20 larvas de 3° estádio de Ae. aegypti colocadas em 25 mL da solução-teste. Foram feitas cinco repetições, e a mortalidade avaliada 48 h após a exposição, indicada pela ausência de movimentos e escurecimento da cápsula cefálica. Os dados obtidos da mortalidade x concentração (ppm) foram analisados, em gráfico de Probit para avaliar as concentrações letais (CL50 e CL90). Este estudo revelou que os diterpenóides 1 e 2 mostraram atividade larvicida com CL50 de 0,8 e 87,3 ppm, respectivamente, sendo o diterpeno 1 o composto mais promissor a ser usado como larvicida para o controle de Ae. aegypti.


Subject(s)
Animals , Aedes , Balsams/chemistry , Diterpenes/isolation & purification , Insecticides , Diterpenes/chemistry , Larva/drug effects
6.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 79(4): 577-583, Dec. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-470033

ABSTRACT

Extracts from the dried pericarp of Sapindus saponaria L. (Sapindaceae) fruits were investigated for their antifungal activity against clinical isolates of yeasts Candida albicans and C. non-albicans from vaginal secretions of women with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Four clinical isolates of C. albicans, a single clinical isolated of each of the species C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and the strain of C. albicans ATCC 90028 were used. The hydroalcoholic extract was bioactivity-directed against a clinical isolate of C. parapsilosis, and showed strong activity. The n-BuOH extract and one fraction showed strong activity against all isolates tested. Further column-chromatography on silica gel separation of this fraction afforded two pure triterpene acetylated saponins: 3-O-(4-acetyl-beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-(1->3)-alpha-Lrhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-hederagenin (1) and 3-O-(3,4-di-acetyl-beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-(1->3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-alpha-L-arabynopyranosyl-hederagenin (2). The structures of the compounds were based on spectral data (¹H and 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC and MS), and on with literature. The saponins isolated showed strong activity against C. parapsilosis.


Extratos do pericarpo de frutos de Sapindus saponaria L. (Sapindaceae) foram testados para a atividade antifúngica sobre isolados clínicos de leveduras de Candida albicans e C. não-albicans obtidos de secreção vaginal de mulheres com Candidíase Vulvovaginal. Foram avaliados quatro isolados clínicos de C. albicans, um de cada uma das espécies C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis e uma cepa referência de C. albicans ATCC 90028. O extrato hidroalcoólico foi biomonitorado contra um isolado clínico de C. parapsilosis, apresentando forte atividade. O extrato butanólico e uma fração apresentaram forte atividade contra todos os isolados testados. Posterior análise desta fração via cromatografia em sílica gel (CHCl3:CH3OH, 1:1, v/v) resultou no isolamento de duas saponinas triterpênicas puras mono e diacetiladas, 3-O-(4-O-acetil-O-beta-D-xilopiranosil)-(1 -> 3)-alfa-L-ramnopiranosil-(1 -> 2)-alfa-L-arabinopiranosil-hederagenina (1) e 3-O-(3,4-di-O-acetil-beta-D-xilopiranosil)-(1 -> 3)-alfa-L-ramnopiranosil-(1 -> 2)-alfa-L-rabinopiranosil-hederagenina (2) respectivamente. A elucidação estrutural das substâncias foi baseada em dados espectrais (RMN de ¹H e de 13C, HSQC, HMBC, ESI/MS) e comparados com dados da literatura. As saponinas triterpênicas isoladas (1) e (2) apresentaram forte atividade contra C. parapsilosis.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Candida/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Sapindus/chemistry , Saponins/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification , Candida/isolation & purification , Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal/microbiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Saponins/chemistry , Saponins/isolation & purification
7.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 40(3): 264-267, maio-jun. 2007. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-456316

ABSTRACT

Oil-resin fractions from Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) were evaluated for larvicidal activity on third larval instars of Aedes aegypti, in searching for alternative control methods for this mosquito. The bioactive fractions were chemically monitored by thin-layer chromatography, ¹H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Bioassays were performed using five repetitions, at a temperature of 28 ± 1°C, relative humidity of 80 ± 5 percent and light and dark cycles of 12h. Mortality was indicated by darkening of the cephalic capsule after 24h of exposure of the larvae to the solutions. The most active fractions were CRM1-4 (sesquiterpenes) and CRM5-7 (labdane diterpenes), which showed LC50 values of 0.2 and 0.8ppm, respectively.


A atividade larvicida das frações do óleo-resina de Copaifera reticulata Ducke (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) foi avaliada em larvas de 3° estádio de Aedes aegypti, na busca de alternativas para o controle desse mosquito. As frações bioativas foram monitoradas quimicamente através de cromatografia de camada delgada, analisada por ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (¹H e 13C) e espectrometria de massas. Os bioensaios foram realizados à temperatura de 28±1°C, 80±5 por cento de umidade relativa e fotofase de 12h, com cinco repetições. A mortalidade foi determinada através do escurecimento da cápsula cefálica, após 24h de exposição das larvas às soluções. As frações mais ativas foram CRM1-4 (sesquiterpenos) e CRM5-7 (diterpeno labdano), que mostraram os valores de CL50 de 0,2 e 0,8ppm, respectivamente.


Subject(s)
Animals , Aedes , Balsams , Insecticides , Brazil , Chromatography, Thin Layer , Larva/drug effects , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mass Spectrometry
8.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; 12(1): 24-31, jan.-mar. 2007. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-455457

ABSTRACT

Este estudo teve como objetivo complementar a caracterização da toxicidade de uma cepa de Microcystis spp., por meio de testes de toxicidade aguda com camundongos, após caracterização química preliminar de microcictinas - MCs realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de diodo HPLC-PDA e espectrometria de massas com ionização por electrospray MS-ESI. Os testes de toxicidade aguda com camundongos demonstraram, segundo classificação proposta por Lawton et al (1994b), que a cepa tóxica testada enquadra-se no grau de elevada toxicidade com valor de DL50 24h de extrato seco menor que 100 mg/kg p.c. (peso corpóreo) (13,7 mg/kg p.c.), de DL50 24h de microcistinas totais estimada de 24,2 µg/kg p.c. e concentração de MCs no material seco maior que 1,0 µg/mg p.s. (entre 1,64 e 1,86 µg/mg p.s.).


This study was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of a strain of Microcystis spp, using acute toxicity bioassays with swiss albino mice and to characterize chemically the microcistins using high efficiency liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) and mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (MS-ESI). The acute toxicity tests with mice showed that according to the classification proposed by Lawton et al (1994b), the toxic strain here tested corresponds to the degree of high toxicity with DL50 24h values for the dry extract lower than 100 mg/kg corporal weight (13,7 mg/kg corporal weight), while DL50(24h) for total microcystin - MCs concentration around 24,2 µg/kg corporal weight. and concentration of MCs in the dry material higher than 1,0 µg/mg dry weight (between 1.64 and 1.86 µg/mg d.w.).


Subject(s)
Biological Assay , Toxicity Tests , Water Microbiology , Water Pollution , Water Quality , Water Supply
9.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 37(5): 396-399, set.-out. 2004. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-365847

ABSTRACT

Apresenta-se, pela primeira vez, o estudo fitoquímico das frações larvicidas, isoladas da Magonia pubescens, monitorado pelo estudo de eficácia sobre larvas de 3° estádio de Aedes aegypti, na busca de alternativas para o controle desse mosquito e obtenção de estruturas químicas passíveis de aprimoramento da atividade pela via sintética de outros derivados. As frações bioativas foram monitoradas quimicamente através de cromatografia de camada delgada, utilizando como revelador uma solução ácida de vanilina, e analisadas por ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio e espectrometria de massas. Os bioensaios com as frações foram realizados em quintuplicata, à temperatura de 28±1°C, 80±5 por cento de umidade relativa e fotofase de 12 horas. As concentrações letais encontradas da fração MP-9, que apresentou o maior potencial larvicida, CL50 e CL90, foram de 3,1 e 36,6ppm, respectivamente. Todos os experimentos foram acompanhados por uma série controle, contendo o mesmo número de larvas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Aedes/drug effects , Insecticides , Sapindaceae/chemistry , Tannins , Chromatography, Thin Layer , Insecticides/isolation & purification , Lethal Dose 50 , Larva/drug effects , Mass Spectrometry , Tannins/isolation & purification
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